St. Aelred of Rievaulx

Feastday: January 12
Patron: of bladder stone sufferers
Birth: 1110
Death: 1167

St. Aelred of Rievaulx (1109-1167) early showed signs of promise. The son of Eilaf, a Saxon priest, Aelred was educated at Roxburgh, the ancient Scottish capital, where he was known for his intellectual talents. The DNB notes that as a child, Aelred prophesied the death of a bad archbishop of York; the DNB notes also that scholars doubt this since Thomas, the archbishop at that time, was not bad. When Aelred finished his schooling, he became the steward to King David of Scotland. He left his job c. 1133 to join the Cistercian community at Rievaulx. He was the first abbot of Rievaulx's daughterhouse in Revesby, Lincolnshire, but he returned to Rievaulx in 1147 to be abbot. During the last ten years of his life, his health deteriorated, and he suffered from gout and a bad cough. St. Aelred wrote his most famous work, The Mirror of Charity, at the request of Bernard of Clairvaux. On Spiritual Friendship is a Christianized version of Cicero's De amicitia. Aelred also penned lives of St. Ninian and of Edward the Confessor, in addition to a rule for recluses and a genealogy of the kings of England. His correspondence and his work on St. Cuthbert have been lost.

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Aelred of Rievaulx (Latin: Aelredus Riaevallensis); also Ailred, Ælred, and Æthelred; (1110 – 12 January 1167) was an English Cistercian monk, abbot of Rievaulx from 1147 until his death, and known as a writer. He is regarded by Anglicans and Catholics as a saint.

Life

The ruins of Rievaulx Abbey on the River Rye in North Yorkshire.

Aelred was born in Hexham, Northumbria, in year 1110, one of three sons of Eilaf, priest of St Andrew's at Hexham, himself a son of another Eilaf, treasurer of Durham. In the 1095, the Council of Claremont had forbidden the ordination of the sons of priests. This was done in part to end the inheritance of benefices. He may have been partially educated by Lawrence of Durham, who sent him a hagiography of Saint Brigid.

Aelred's early education was probably at the cathedral school at Durham. Aelred spent several years at the court of King David I of Scotland in Roxburgh, possibly from the age of 14, rising to the rank of echonomus (often translated "steward" or "Master of the Household") before leaving the court at age twenty-four (in 1134) to enter the Cistercian abbey of Rievaulx in Yorkshire.

In 1138, when Rievaulx's patron, Walter Espec, was to surrender his castle at Wark to King David of Scotland, Aelred reportedly accompanied Abbot William of Rievaulx to the Scottish border to negotiate the transfer. He saw that his reluctance to part from his friends at court, delayed his adopting his monastic calling. For Aelred, the source and object of true friendship is Christ.

In 1142 Aelred travelled to Rome, alongside Walter of London, Archdeacon of York, to represent before Pope Innocent II the northern prelates who opposed the election of Henry de Sully, nephew of King Stephen as archbishop of York. The result of the journey was that Aelred brought back a letter from Pope Innocent summoning the superiors whom Aelred represented to appear in Rome the following March to make their deposition in the required canonical form. The resulting negotiations dragged on for many years.

Upon his return from Rome, Aelred became novice master at Rievaulx. In 1143, he was appointed abbot of the new Revesby Abbey, a daughter house of Rievaulx in Lincolnshire. In 1147, he was elected abbot of Rievaulx itself, a position he was to hold until his death. Under his administration, the abbey is said to have grown to some 140 monks and 500 conversi and laymen.

His role as abbot required him to travel. Cistercian abbots were expected to make annual visitations to daughter-houses, and Rievaulx had five in England and Scotland by the time Aelred held office. Moreover, Aelred had to make the long sea journey to the annual general chapter of the Order at Cîteaux in France.

Alongside his role as a monk and later abbot, Aelred was involved throughout his life in political affairs. The fourteenth-century version of the Peterborough Chronicle states that Aelred's efforts during the twelfth-century papal schism brought about Henry II's decisive support for the Cistercian candidate, resulting in 1161 in the formal recognition of Pope Alexander III.

Aelred wrote several influential books on spirituality, among them Speculum caritatis ("The Mirror of Charity," reportedly written at the request of Bernard of Clairvaux) and De spiritali amicitia ("On Spiritual Friendship").

He also wrote seven works of history, addressing three of them to Henry II of England, advising him how to be a good king and declaring him to be the true descendant of Anglo-Saxon kings.

In his later years, he is thought to have suffered from the kidney stones and arthritis. Walter reports that in 1157 the Cistercian General Council allowed him to sleep and eat in Rievaulx's infirmary; later he lived in a nearby building constructed for him.

Aelred died in the winter of 1166–7, probably on 12 January 1167 at Rievaulx.

De spirituali amicitia

De spirituali amicitia (Spiritual Friendship), considered to be his greatest work, is a Christian counterpart of Cicero’s De amicitia and designates Christ as the source and ultimate impetus of spiritual friendship. Friendship was a recurring theme in Christian monasticism. Gregory of Nazianzus, echoing Aristotle, describes his friendship with Basil the Great as "two bodies with a single spirit".

It was likely at Durham that Aelred first encountered Cicero's Laelius de Amicitia. In Roman terminology amicitia means "friendship" and could be between states or individuals. It suggested an equality of status and in practice it might only be an alliance to pursue mutual interests. For Cicero, amicitia involved genuine trust and affection. "But I must at the very beginning lay down this principle —friendship can only exist between good men. We mean then by the 'good' those whose actions and lives leave no question as to their honour, purity, equity, and liberality; who are free from greed, lust, and violence; and who have the courage of their convictions."

In Confessions, Augustine of Hippo identifies three phases of friendship: adolescence, early adulthood and adulthood. Adolescent friendships is essentially self-interested comradery. Augustine then describes a close friendship he had as a young adult with a colleague. This was based on love and grew out of shared interests and experiences and what each learned from the other. The third mature phase for Augustine is transcendent in that he loves others "in Christ", in that the focus is on Christ and the point of friendship is to grow closer to Christ with and through friends. In writing of adolescent friendship Augustine said, "For I even burnt in my youth heretofore, to be satiated in things below; and I dared to grow wild again, with these various and shadowy loves: my beauty consumed away, …pleasing myself, and desirous to please in the eyes of men. And what was it that I delighted in, but to love, and be loved?"

Aelred was greatly influenced by Cicero, but later modified his interpretation upon reading Augustine of Hippo's Confessions. In De spirituali amicitiâ, Aelred adopted Cicero's dialogue format. In the Prologue however, he mirrors Augustine's description of his early adolescence with the speaker describing his time at school, where "the charm of my companions gave me the greatest pleasure. Among the usual faults that often endanger youth, my mind surrendered wholly to affection and became devoted to love. Nothing seemed sweeter to me, nothing more pleasant, nothing more valuable than to be loved and to love."

Posthumous reputation

Depiction of Saint Aelred (or Ailred; Latin: Sanctus Aelredus Riaevallensis), from an 1845 book

Aelred was never formally canonised in the manner that was later established, but he became the centre of a cult in the north of England that was officially recognised by Cistercians in 1476. As such, he was venerated as a saint, with his body kept at Rievaulx. In the sixteenth century, before the dissolution of the monastery, John Leland, claims he saw Aelred's shrine at Rievaulx containing Aelred's body glittering with gold and silver. Today, Aelred of Rievaulx is listed as a saint on 12 January, the traditional date of his death, in the latest official edition of the Roman Martyrology, which expresses the official position of the Roman Catholic Church.

He also appears in the calendars of various other Christian denominations.

Much of Aelred's history is known because of the Life written about him by Walter Daniel shortly after his death. ". Until the twentieth century, Aelred was generally known as a historian rather than as a spiritual writer; for many centuries his most famous work was his Life of Saint Edward, King and Confessor.

Aelred is remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 12 January.

Sexuality

Two historians, John Boswell and B. P. McGuire, have argued that Aelred was homosexual. Boswell says there is no doubt he was gay and in particular, his work De spiritali amicitia ("On Spiritual Friendship") reveals a conscious homosexual orientation. Nevertheless, Boswell's work has faced heavy criticism as misguided. Richard J. Evans stated that Boswell's work was "a misguided attempt to prove that people explicitly identified themselves as homosexual throughout European history", and that "[t]his generally collapses in the face of a far more convincing historical literature which has located the emergence of homosexual identities at the end of the nineteenth century". Moreover, McGuire also concluded that "...his sexual identity remains uncertain". Marsha L. Dutton summarised as editor of the 2017 Companion to Aelred of Rievaulx, the most recent summative on Aelred, that "...there is no way of knowing the details of Aelred's life, much less his sexual experience or struggles." Elizabeth Freeman has commented that discussion of his alleged homosexuality has abounded atop misunderstandings of monastic language and mistaking his interest in Christian friendship for homosexuality. "We are witness", Freeman says, "to [a] pointless debate over his alleged homosexuality".

Aelred confessed in De institutione inclusarum that for a while he surrendered himself to lust, "a cloud of desire arose from the lower drives of the flesh and the gushing spring of adolescence" and "the sweetness of love and impurity of lust combined to take advantage of the inexperience of my youth." LeClercq states that this is likely a 'literary exaggeration' common to monastic writing. He also refers directly to the relationship of Jesus and John the Apostle as a "marriage", which is aligned with Cistercian emphasis upon the Song of Songs, and the symbolism of love between man and god, expressed through a predominantly Virgilian and Ovidian topos. Aelred himself, in his own words, called this "marriage" an 'organ of experience', with nothing to do with romantic or sexual reality which were believed to be fundamentally contrary to monastic life. Julia Kristeva said that this is reflected much more accurately by the concept of 'imaginatio' than 'amor' (romantic love): "It constituted the intimate link between being and the world, through which the person may assimilate the exterior world while also defining the self as a subject". The only direct reference among his works to Aelred's personal lust is in fact to a "saucy serving girl" he desired when he was a steward at the court of David I.

Aelred's works exhorted chastity among the unmarried and widowed, and fidelity within marriage - condemning sexual relationships and activity outside marriage as sinful.

Despite this, several gay-friendly organizations have adopted Aelred as their patron saint, including Integrity USA in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, the National Anglican Catholic Church in the northeast United States, and the Order of St. Aelred in the Philippines.

Patronage

A primary school in York is named after him. A secondary school named after him in Glenburn, Renfrewshire, Scotland closed in 1990. A secondary school named after him in Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside, closed in 2011.

Writings

Aelred's Life of Edward the Confessor, late 12th century illuminated manuscript, British Library.

For his efforts in writing and administration Aelred was called by David Knowles the "St. Bernard of the North." Knowles, a historian of monasticism in England, also described him as "a singularly attractive figure," saying that "No other English monk of the twelfth century so lingers in the memory."

All of Aelred's works have appeared in translation, most in English and in French; the remaining three volumes of his sermons are being translated into English and will appear from Cistercian Publications in 2018–2020. There are already available in French in a five volume edition.

Extant works by Aelred include:

Histories and biographies

• Vita Davidis Scotorum regis ("Life of David, King of the Scots"), written c. 1153.
• Genealogia regum Anglorum ("Genealogy of the Kings of the English"), written 1153–54.
• Relatio de Standardo ("On the Account of the Standard"), also De bello standardii ("On the Battle of the Standard"), 1153–54.
• Vita S. Eduardi, regis et confessoris ("The Life of Saint Edward, King and Confessor"), 1161–63.
• Vita S. Niniani ("The Life of Saint Ninian"), 1154–60.
• De miraculis Hagustaldensis ecclesiae ("On the Miracles of the Church of Hexham"), ca. 1155.
• De quodam miraculo miraculi ("A Certain Wonderful Miracle") (wrongly known since the seventeenth century as De Sanctimoniali de Wattun ("The Nun of Watton")), c. 1160

Spiritual treatises

• Speculum caritatis ("The Mirror of Charity"), ca. 1142.
• De Iesu puero duodenni ("Jesus as a Boy of Twelve"), ?1160–62.
• De spirituali amicitiâ ("Spiritual Friendship"), 1164–67.
• De institutione inclusarum ("The Formation of Anchoresses"), ?1160–62.
• Oratio pastoralis ("Pastoral Prayer"), c. 1163–67.
• De anima ("On the Soul"), c.1164–67.

Sermons

• These sermons mainly relate to the seventeen liturgical days on which Cistercian abbots were required to preach to their community.
• Several non-liturgical sermons survive as well, including one he apparently preached to a clerical synod, presumably in connection with a journey to the general chapter at Cîteaux, and one devoted to Saint Katherine of Alexandria.
• In 1163-4 he also wrote a 31-sermon commentary on Isaiah 13–16, Homeliae de oneribus propheticis Isaiae ("Homilies on the Prophetic Burdens of Isaiah"), submitting the work for evaluation to Gilbert Foliot, who became bishop of London in 1163.

Works

Critical editions

• Aelred of Rievaulx, '"Opera omnia." Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis 1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 3, 3A. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 1971, 1989, 2001, 2012, 2005, 2015, 2017.
• Aelred of Rievaulx, For Your Own People: Aelred of Rievaulx's Pastoral Prayer, trans. Mark DelCogliano, crit. ed. Marsha L. Dutton, Cistercian Fathers series 73 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 2008). [Translation of Oratio Pastoralis].

Translations

• Walter Daniel, Vita Ailredi Abbatis Rievall. Ed. and transl. Maurice Powicke (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950). [Translation reprinted with a new introduction as The Life of Aelred of Rievaulx and the Letter to Maurice. Translated by F. M. Powicke and Jane Patricia Freeland, Introduction by Marsha Dutton, Cistercian Fathers series no. 57 (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1994.)]
• Aelred of Rievaulx, On Jesus at Twelve Years Old, trans. Geoffrey Webb and Adrian Walker, Fleur de Lys series 17 (London: A. R. Mobray and Co., Ltd., 1955).
• Aelred of Rievaulx, Treatises and Pastoral Prayer, Cistercian Fathers series 2 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1971). [includes De Institutione inclusarum, "De Jesu," and "Oratio Pastoralis."]
• Aelred of Rievaulx, Dialogue on the Soul, trans. C. H. Talbot, Cistercian Father series 22 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1981).
• Aelred of Rievaulx, Vita Niniani, translated by Winifred MacQueen, in John MacQueen, St. Nynia (Edinburgh: Polygon, 1990) [reprinted as (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2005)].
• Aelred of Rievaulx, Mirror of Charity, trans. Elizabeth Connor, Cistercian Fathers series 17 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1990).
• Aelred of Rievaulx, The Life of Saint Edward, King and Confessor, translated by Jerome Bertram (Guildford: St. Edward's Press, 1990) [reprinted at Southampton: Saint Austin Press, 1997].
• Aelred of Rievaulx, Spiritual Friendship, trans. Mark F. Williams (London: University of Scranton Press, 1994).
• Aelred of Rievaulx, The Liturgical Sermons I: The First Clairvaux Collection, Advent—All Saints, translated by Theodore Berkeley and M. Basil Pennington . Sermons 1–28, Advent – All Saints. Cistercian Fathers series no. 58, (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 2001).
• Aelred of Rievaulx, The Historical Works, trans. Jane Patricia Freeland, ed. Marsha L. Dutton, Cistercian Fathers series 56 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 2005).
• Aelred of Rievaulx, The Lives of the Northern Saints, trans. Jane Patricia Freeland, ed. Marsha L. Dutton, Cistercian Fathers series 71 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 2006).
• Aelred of Rievaulx, Spiritual Friendship, trans. Lawrence Braceland, ed. Marsha L. Dutton, Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Collegeville: Cistercian Publications, 2010).
• Aelred of Rievaux, "The Liturgical Sermons: The First Clairvaux Collection, Advent-All Saints," transl. Theodore Berkeley and M. Basil Pennington, Cistercian Fathers series 58 (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 2001).
• Aelred of Rievaulx, "The Liturgical Sermons: The Second Clairvaux Collection, Advent-All Saints," transl. Marie Anne Mayeski, Cistercian Fathers series 71 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2016).
• Aelred of Rievaulx, "The Liturgical Sermons: The Durham and Lincoln Collections," transl. Kathryn Krug, Lewis White, et al., Ed. and Intro. Ann Astell, Cistercian Fathers series 58 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, forthcoming 2019).
• Aelred of Rievaulx, "The Liturgical Sermons: The Reading Collection, Advent-All Saints," transl. Daniel Griggs, Cistercian Fathers series 81 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2018).
• Aelred of Rievaulx, "Homilies on the Prophetic Burdens of Isaiah," trans. Lewis White, Cistercian Fathers series 83 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2018).
• (fr.) Aelred de Rievaulx, Sermons. La collection de Reading (sermons 85-182), trans. G. de Briey(+), G. Raciti, intro. X. Morales, Corpus Christianorum in Translation 20 (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2015)

Notes

1. ^ Thurston, Herbert. "St. Ælred." "The Catholic Encyclopedia," vol. 1 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907). 20 September 2012 [1]
2. ^ Bell, "Ailred of Rievaulx (1110–1167)"
3. ^ Davies, John Reuben. "Aspects of Church Reform in Wales, c.1093 -c.1223", Anglo-Norman Studies XXX, (C. P. Lewis, ed.), Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2008, ISBN 9781843833796, p. 93
4. ^ It is unclear exactly when Aelred joined King David's court. However, David became king in 1124, when Aelred was 14, and in his lament for David Aelred says he had known David "from the beginning of his age," which might well imply that Aelred had been at the court from around 1124. See Aelred Squire, OP, Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study (London: SPCK, 1969), p12.
5. ^ See Walter Daniel, Vita A, ca. 2. (p91 of Cistercian Fathers translation)
6. ^ '"The Lives of the Saints," Rev. S. Baring-Gould, 1:178 (Edinburgh: John Grant, 1914)
7. ^ Marsha L Dutton, 'Introduction,' in Aelred of Rievaulx, Spiritual Friendship, Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2010), p16; Aelred Squire, OP, Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study (London: SPCK, 1969), p24.
8. ^ Houston, James M., "Aelred of Rievaulx (1110-1167, Friend and Counselor", Knowing & Doing, February 2007
9. ^ Marsha L Dutton, 'Introduction,' in Aelred of Rievaulx, Spiritual Friendship, Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2010), p16; Aelred Squire, OP, Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study (London: SPCK, 1969), p24.
10. ^ Aelred Squire, OP, Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study, (London: SPCK, 1969), p53.
11. ^ "Saint Aelred of Rievaulx", Encyclopedia Britannica. Online at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Aelred-of-Rievaulx
12. ^ Walteri Danielis Vita Ailredi Abbatis Rievall', ed. F. M. Powicke, (London, 1959), ca. 30.
13. ^ Some evidence of these journeys remains. For instance, Walter Daniel records a visitation that Aelred made to Dundrennan. Aelred Squire, OP, Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study (London: SPCK, 1969), 65
14. ^ It was probably during one of these journeys that he delivered the sermon titled as "To the Synod at Troyes."
15. ^ Marsha L Dutton, "Introduction," in Aelred of Rievaulx, Spiritual Friendship, Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2010), p17.
16. ^ On the use of spiritali instead of spirituali, see Aelred of Rievaulx, Spiritual Friendship, transl. by L. Braceland Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 2010), 25.
17. ^ Walter Daniel, "Vita Aelredi"
18. ^ This is the traditional date for his feast within the Cistercian Order, as celebrated on the authority of Walter Daniel, Vita A, ca. 57.
19. ^ "Saint Aelred of Rievaulx", Encyclopedia Britannica, January 8, 2020
20. ^ "Funeral Oration on the Great S. Basil", Oratio 43. 20
21. ^ Scullard, Howard Hayes Scullard and Lintott, Andrew. "Amicitia", Oxford Classical Dictionary, December 2015
22. ^ Marcus Tullius Cicero. Treatise on Friendship and Old Age, (E.S. Shuckburgh, tr.), 1903
23. ^ Morahan OSA, Michael. "St Augustine and friendship", OSA - Australia
24. ^ The Confessions of Saint Augustine, Book 2, (Edward Bouverie Pusey, tr.) at sacred-texts.com
25. ^ Aelred of Rievaulx, Spiritual Friendship, (Lawrence C. Braceland, tr.), Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2010, ISBN 978-0-87907-957-4, p. 53
26. ^ The entry on Aelred in the 1905 New International Encyclopedia states incorrectly that Aelred was canonized in 1191 ( Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Ailred". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.). For correct information, see David N. Bell, 'Ailred of Rievaulx (1110–1167),' Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 5 August 2013
27. ^ Aelred Squire, OP, Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study (London: SPCK, 1969), p2.
28. ^ Martyrologium Romanum, ex decreto sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli Pp. II promulgatum, editio [typica] altera, Typis Vaticanis, A.D. MMIV (2004), p. 96.
29. ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
30. ^ Boswell 1980, McGuire 1994
31. ^ American Council of Learned Societies: Dictionary of the Middle Ages, volume 4.
32. ^ Woods, David (2000). "The Origin of the Cult of SS. Sergius and Bacchus". From "The Military Martyrs". University College Cork. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
33. ^ Young, Robin Darling (November 1994). "Gay Marriage: Reimagining Church History". First Things. 47: 43–48. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
34. ^ Shaw, Brent (July 1994). "A Groom of One's Own?". The New Republic: 43–48. Archived from the original on 7 May 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
35. ^ Christopher Walter, review of Elizabeth Key-Fowden, The Barbarian Plain: Saint Sergius between Rome and Iran in Revue des études byzantines, 59-60:p. 279
36. ^ Albrecht Classet, Marilyn Sandidge, Friendship in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age, p. 209
37. ^ Fowden, Elizabeth Key (1999). The Barbarian Plain: Saint Sergius Between Rome and Iran. University of California Press. p. 9 and note. ISBN 0520216857. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
38. ^ Jordan, Mark D. (2005). Blessing Same-Sex Unions: The Perils of Queer Romance and the Confusions of Christian Marriage. University of Chicago Press. pp. 134. ISBN 0-226-41033-1. Retrieved 29 February 2012. Sergius and Bacchus patron homosexual.
39. ^ R. J. Evans, pp. 222, 281. 1986
40. ^ Brian McGuire, ' 'Friendship and Community: The Monastic Experience, 350-1250' ', 1988.
41. ^ A Companion to Aelred of Rievaulx, ed. M. L Dutton, 2017
42. ^ Cambridge Companion to Cistercianism (2013)
43. ^ Cambridge Companion to Cistercianism (2013)
44. ^ Leclercq, Love of Learning and Desire for God, p131
45. ^ LeClercq, Love of Learning and Desire for God, pp113-4
46. ^ Companion to Aelred of Rievaulx, pp.211-214
47. ^ Companion to Aelred of Rievaulx, pp.211-214
48. ^ (De Institutione Inclusarum 3.31)
49. ^ "Saint Aelred -the Patron Saint of Integrity". Sacredpauses.com. 14 January 1988. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
50. ^ "The Order of St Aelred (O.S.Ae)". Webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 25 October 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
51. ^ "Schools directory - St. Aelred's Roman Catholic Primary School". City of York Council. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
52. ^ "Region opts for closure of two high schools". The Herald. 2 February 1989. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
53. ^ "St Aelred's Catholic Technology College". gov.uk. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
54. ^ Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints, 3rd edition (New York:Penguin Books, 1995). ISBN 0-14-051312-4.
55. ^ Some of Aelred's works have apparently not survived, including his letters and his poetic eulogy to St. Cuthbert. The Rievaulx library catalogue also lists an otherwise unknown De fasciculo frondium, and Walter Daniel notes that he composed a liturgical homily on Luke 11:33 to be read on the feast day of St Edward the Confessor; Peter Jackson has identified and published what he believes to be that sermon (In translacione sancti Edwardi Confessoris: The Lost Sermon by Aelred of Rievaulx?," "Cistercian Studies Quarterly" 40 (2005): 45–82). See David N. Bell, ‘Ailred of Rievaulx (1110–1167),’ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 5 Aug 2013
56. ^ King David died on 24 May 1153.
57. ^ This seems to be a sermon that Aelred preached at Hexham on 3 March 1155, when the relics of five former bishops of Hexham were translated to new shrines.
58. ^ Marsha L Dutton, 'Introduction,' in Aelred of Rievaulx, Spiritual Friendship, transl.. Lawrence Braceland, Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Collegeville, MI, 2010), p21-2